May 27, 2026 · Ethan Sebastian
EIN vs. ITIN vs. SSN: What to Know.
Among the many ways people are identified in the United States, one of the most unfamiliar to newcomers is the TIN, or Taxpayer Identification Number. TINs play an important role in the American tax system, allowing the IRS to track individuals and businesses and their tax filings.
In this article, we'll cover the three main types of TINs in the U.S. — the EIN, ITIN, and SSN — compare them, and help you figure out which one matters most to you.
EIN — Employer Identification Number. ITIN — Individual Taxpayer Identification Number. SSN — Social Security Number.
What is an Employer Identification Number (EIN)?
An EIN is a 9-digit number issued by the IRS to identify businesses for tax purposes, and it's needed when completing business paperwork. It represents the entire business and is a good alternative to using the business owner's personal SSN or ITIN. Its format is different from both an SSN and an ITIN: XX-XXXXXXX.
There are many use cases for an EIN. To open a business bank account, many financial institutions require one. An EIN is also required to hire employees or to run a corporation — even if the business is run by just one person.
How to get an EIN: There are several ways to apply — online, by phone, by mail, or by fax. These methods require your ITIN or SSN, so have that ready. The simplest method is applying online through the IRS website's EIN application, which sends you your EIN immediately once completed.
While starting a business may not be the first thing on your agenda after moving to the U.S., it's always helpful to know what an EIN is and when you'd need one.
What is an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN)?
An ITIN is a personal 9-digit number that the IRS issues to certain resident and nonresident foreign individuals in the U.S. for tax and identification purposes. An ITIN always starts with a 9 and is formatted almost identically to an SSN: 9XX-XX-XXXX.
An ITIN allows individuals and foreign entities operating in the U.S. to pay taxes. It's for people who cannot get an SSN, including: certain nonresident and resident non-citizens, spouses or dependents of U.S. citizens or residents who hold a nonresident, non-citizen visa, and nonresident non-citizens who must file taxes or claim tax benefits. Importantly, an ITIN does not authorize you to work in the U.S. and does not affect your immigration status.
How to get an ITIN: You'll need to file a W-7 form, which requires proof of foreign status, along with your federal income tax return (the document showing your income, deductions, and credits). This can be mailed to the IRS or submitted in person through an IRS-certified Certifying Acceptance Agent (CAA).
What is a Social Security Number (SSN)?
An SSN is also a personal 9-digit number, assigned to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and lawful non-citizens authorized to live and work in the United States. Its format is: XXX-XX-XXXX.
An SSN is similar to an ITIN but comes with many added benefits. It's used to file personal tax returns, and the government uses it to track workers' earnings and years in the workforce — which ultimately determines the Social Security benefits you receive after retirement. An SSN also lets you apply for loans, open personal bank accounts, register to vote, and register motor vehicles.
How to get an SSN: You must fill out an SS-5 form, which requires documents verifying your citizenship or immigration status, age, identity, and work authorization. Once complete, you can contact the Social Security Administration or visit a local Social Security Office. Note that there's no online application for first-time applicants.
What are the differences? And Summary
Setting aside the EIN, the main difference between an SSN and an ITIN comes down to your eligibility to get them and the benefits each provides. Both are crucial for filing personal tax returns, but an SSN identifies U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and lawful non-citizens authorized to live and work in the U.S. It also unlocks many benefits — the ability to take out loans, vote, register vehicles, and receive Social Security benefits after retirement.
An ITIN, on the other hand, is for non-citizen U.S. residents or nonresidents who cannot obtain an SSN. It allows them to still file taxes through another means. All in all, an EIN identifies a business, while an SSN or an ITIN identifies a person.
Disclaimer: This article is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, tax, legal, or immigration advice. Rules around taxpayer identification numbers and immigration status are complex and change over time. Always consult a qualified tax professional, CPA, or licensed immigration attorney before making decisions specific to your situation. Novi Opes assumes no liability for any actions taken based on this article.